Collocation

Collocation

Definition of collocation

            A collocation is two or more words that often go together. These combinations just sound "right" to native English speakers, who use them all the time. On the other hand, other combinations may be unnatural and just sound "wrong". Look at these examples:

natural English...	unnatural English...
the fast train fast food	the quick train quick food
a quick shower a quick meal	a fast shower a fast meal

Types of colocation

1)      Adjective + noun

There are many adjective which can gather with noun, but I will write some adjectives to give you obvious example. Here are the examples of collocation adjective + noun:

·         He has been a heavy smoker and drinker all his adult life.

·         She speaks English quite well but with strong French accent.

·         They have a hard life and worked through a hard time. We don’t have hard evidence that they had used hard drugs.

·         The doctor ordered him to take regular exercise.

·         The Titanic sank on its maiden voyage.

           2)    Noun + noun (such as collective noun)

·         I would like to buy two bars of soaps

·         There is a glass of water on the table.

·         Would you like to have a cup of coffee?

·         He will give a bar of chocolate to his girlfriend on Valentine ’s Day.

·         Her bouquet of flower is the best of all

           3)     Verb + noun

·         I always try to do my homework in the morning after making my bed

·         Do you think the bank would forgive a debt?

·         We are going to have lunch together, would you like to join??

·         Every day, I take a shower at 6 o’clock

         4)    Adverb + adjective

·         This test is ridiculously easy! I didn’t even study, but I will get high score.

·         Janet is a highly successful businesswoman. She owns several restaurants and hotels around the country.

·         That is utterly ridiculous. She didn’t steal your favorite book. She wasn’t even in the office yesterday.

·         Roger is strongly opposed to anything bad for health. He doesn’t eat junk food at all.

·         Are you okay? I am deeply concerned about you. You have been desperate since you lost your job.

         5)     Verbs+ prepositional phrase (phrasal verb)

·         Their behavior was enough to drive anybody to crime

·         We had to return home because we had run out of money

·         I am going to look up the meaning in the dictionary

·         She is going to dress up for her first date with him.

·         You have to make up your mind before doing something.

          6)     Verb +adverb

·         Mary whispered softly in John’s ear.

·         The boy speaks politely, and is very well-behaved.

·         The accident happened because he was driving dangerously.

·         After 2 years in London, he speaks English fluently.

·         I waited patiently, but she never came.

           7)     noun + verb

·         The lion started to roar when it heard the dog barking.

·         Snow was falling as our plane took off.

Conclusion

Collocation adalah dua atau lebih kata-kata yang sering digunakan bersama untuk membentuk satu kesatuan makna. Kombinasi ini bagi Native Speaker tidaklah begitu asing karena sering digunakan. Namun, kombinasi lain mungkin tidak biasa dan bisa jadi akan menjadi salah.

Ada beberapa Jenis Collocation dan cara pembentukannya, yaitu:

• Adverb + Adjective: completely satisfied (BUKAN downright satisfied)
• Adjective + Noun: excruciating pain (Bukan excruciating joy)
• Noun + Noun: a surge of anger (Bukan a rush of anger)
• Noun + Verb: lions roar (BUKAN lions shout)
• Verb + Noun: commit suicide (BUKAN undertake suicide)
• Verb + Expression With Preposition: burst into tears (BUKAN blow up in tears)
• Verb + Adverb: wave frantically (BUKAN wave feverishly)

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collocation

https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/collocations.

www.dictionary.com/browse/collocation

https://www.google.com/search?q=collocation&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:id:official&channel=fflb&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxmbuIw5jMAhWDQpQKHcn_DHcQ_AUICCgC&biw=1366&bih=664#imgrc=_

synonim,antonym and hyponym

SYNONYM

Is the state or phenomenon in which the words that sound different, but have the same or identical meaning, as another word or phrase.

Examples:

small - little
big - large
mother and father - parents

ANTONYM

Is the state or phenomenon in which the words have the sense relation which involve the opposite of meaning.

Te word pairs of antonym can be divided into several types:

• Implicitly Gradable Pairs

Examples:

big - small
good - bad
fast - slow
young - old

• Complementary Pairs

Examples:

male - female
alive - dead
present - absent
awake - asleep

• Relational Pairs

Examples:

buy - sell
push - pull
command - serve
give - take
teach - learn
master - servant
teacher - pupil
doctor . patient

HYPONYM

Is the state or phenomenon that shows  the relationship  between more general term, ( lexical representation) and the more specific instances for it.

Examples:


The lexical representation of:


red, yellow, green, blue, purple, black is ( color ).

Thus we can say that: " red " is  a hyponym of " color " and so on.


Examples:


clarinet, guitar, piano, trumpet, violin, are hyponyms because they are " musical instruments " but there is not a single word meaning  " musical instrument " that has these  words as its hyponyms .

References

http://conceptsinsemantics.weebly.com/synonym-antonym-hyponym.html

Metaphor, Simile And Symbol

Metaphor, Simile And Symbol

Definition Of Metaphor

A metaphor is a figure of speech that refers to something as being the same as another thing for rhetorical effect. It may provide clarity or identify hidden similarities between two ideas. Where a simile compares two items, a metaphor directly equates them, and does not use "like" or "as" as does a simile

This quotation expresses a metaphor because the world is not literally a stage. By asserting that the world is a stage, Shakespeare uses points of comparison between the world and a stage to convey an understanding about the mechanics of the world and the behavior of the people within it.

The Philosophy of Rhetoric (1937) by I. A. Richards describes a metaphor as having two parts: the tenor and the vehicle. The tenor is the subject to which attributes are ascribed. The vehicle is the object whose attributes are borrowed. In the previous example, "the world" is compared to a stage, describing it with the attributes of "the stage"; "the world" is the tenor, and "a stage" is the vehicle; "men and women" is the secondary tenor, and "players" is the secondary vehicle.

Example of Metaphor: 

You may have often heard expressions such as:

• He drowned in a sea of grief.
• She is fishing in troubled waters.
• Success is a bastard as it has many fathers, and failure is an orphan, with no takers.

Simile

Definition Of Simile

A simile (/ˈsɪməli/) is a figure of speech that directly compares two things through the explicit use of connecting words (such as like, as, so, than, or various verbs such as resemble). Although similes and metaphors are sometimes considered to be interchangeable, similes acknowledge the imperfections and limitations of the comparative relationship to a greater extent than metaphors. Metaphors are subtler and therefore rhetorically stronger in that metaphors equate two things rather than simply compare them. Similes also safeguard the author against outrageous, incomplete, or unfair comparison. Generally, metaphor is the stronger and more encompassing of the two forms of rhetorical analogies. While similes are mainly used in forms of poetry that compare the inanimate and the living, there are also terms in which similes and personifications are used for humorous purposes and comparison.

Examples of Similes

Similes can be found just about anywhere; from the printed word to oral conversation; in language, literature, and music. A simile is a figure of speech that compares two things that are alike in some way. To help you identify a simile versus a metaphor, know that the words “like” or “as” are typically used in a simile.

Well-known similes are:

• “cute as a kitten,” comparing the way someone looks to the way a kitten looks

• “as busy as a bee” comparing someone’s level of energy to a fast-flying bee

• "as snug as a bug in a rug" comparing someone who is very cozy to how comfortable a bug can be in a rug

• "as happy as a clam" comparing someone's happiness to the contentment of a clam

• "Life is like a box of chocolates, you never know what you're going to get." comparing the uncertainty of life to the uncertainty of choosing a chocolate from a box

• "as agile as a monkey" implying someone can move as well as a monkey does

• "as black as coal" comparing the color of something dark to the very-dark coal color

• "as blind as a bat" indicating that the person cannot see any better than a bat

Similes Add Depth to Language

Similes can make our language more descriptive and enjoyable. Writers, poets, and songwriters make use of similes often to add depth and emphasize what they are trying to convey to the reader or listener. Similes can be funny, serious, mean, or creative.

Following are some examples of similes:

• My love is like a red, red rose.

• You were as brave as a lion.

• They fought like cats and dogs.

• He is as funny as a barrel of monkeys.

• This house is as clean as a whistle.

• He is as strong as an ox.

• Your explanation is as clear as mud.

• Watching the show was like watching grass grow.

• That is as easy as shooting fish in a barrel.

• This contract is as solid as the ground we stand on.

• That guy is as nutty as a fruitcake.

• Don’t just sit there like a bump on a log.

• That went over like a lead balloon.

• They are as different as night and day.

• She is as thin as a toothpick.

• Last night, I slept like a log.

• This dress is perfect because it fits like a glove.

• They wore jeans, which made me stand out like a sore thumb.

• My love for you is as deep as the ocean.

• I am so thirsty, that my throat is as dry as a bone.

• As bold as brass

• As bright as a button

• As shiny as a new pin

• As cold as ice

• As common as dirt

• As cool as a cucumber

• As hard as nails

• As hot as hell

• As innocent as a lamp

• A large as life

• A light as a feather

• As tall as a giraffe

• As tough as nails

• As white as a ghost

• As sweet as sugar

• As sure as death and taxes

Symbolism

Definition of Symbolism

Symbolism is the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities by giving them symbolic meanings that are different from their literal sense.

Symbolism can take different forms. Generally, it is an object representing another to give it an entirely different meaning that is much deeper and more significant. Sometimes, however, an action, an event or a word spoken by someone may have a symbolic value. For instance, “smile” is a symbol of friendship. Similarly, the action of someone smiling at you may stand as a symbol of the feeling of affection which that person has for you.

Symbols do shift their meanings depending on the context they are used in. “A chain”, for example, may stand for “union” as well as “imprisonment”. Thus, symbolic meaning of an object or an action is understood by when, where and how it is used. It also depends on who reads them.

In our daily life, we can easily identify objects, which can be taken as examples of symbol such as the following:

• The dove is a symbol of peace.
• A red rose or red color stands for love or romance.
• Black is a symbol that represents evil or death.
• A ladder may stand as a symbol for a connection between the heaven and the earth.
• A broken mirror may symbolize separation

References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simile

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-similes.html

http://literarydevices.net/symbolism/